What Is the Verb Conjugation for Blanchir

The French verb  blanchir  means to to bleach or to whiten. This should be an easy one to remember if you recall that  blanc is French for the color white.   Conjugating the French Verb  Blanchir French verbs are conjugated in order to change them to fit a particular tense as well as the subject. For  blanchir, you will conjugate it when you need to say bleached or bleaching. This is done in a similar manner to English in that the ending of the verb is changed. Blanchir  is a  regular -IR verb  and it follows the verb conjugation pattern of similar words. If you learn how to conjugate  blanchir, you can apply these same endings to  bà ©nir  (to bless),  dà ©finir  (to define), and many other verbs. When you want to say I bleach, use the chart to match the subject pronoun (I or  je) with the present tense. This gives you the French je blanchis. Likewise, we will whiten is nous blanchirons. Subject Present Future Imperfect je blanchis blanchirai blanchissais tu blanchis blanchiras blanchissais il blanchit blanchira blanchissait nous blanchissons blanchirons blanchissions vous blanchissez blanchirez blanchissiez ils blanchissent blanchiront blanchissaient Blanchirs Present Participle The  present participle  of blanchir  is  blanchissant. This acts not only as a verb, but can also be used in the form of an adjective, gerund, or noun when necessary. The Past Participle and Passà © Composà © The  passà © composà ©Ã‚  is a form of the past tense that is in frequent use. To create this, you need to conjugate the  auxiliary verb  avoir  and add the  past participle  blanchi. For example, to say I bleached, use jai blanchi. Similarly, we bleached is nous avons blanchi. More Simple Conjugations of  Blanchir For the most part, you can concentrate on the present, past, and future tenses of  blanchir  as they are the most important. Yet, as you learn more French and use it with greater frequency, you might find these other forms useful. The subjunctive and conditional are used when the verb is subjective, uncertain, or dependent upon circumstances. The passà © composà © and imperfect subjunctive tend to be reserved for formal writing. Subject Subjunctive Conditional Pass Simple Imperfect Subjunctive je blanchisse blanchirais blanchis blanchisse tu blanchisses blanchirais blanchis blanchisses il blanchisse blanchirait blanchit blancht nous blanchissions blanchirions blanchmes blanchissions vous blanchissiez blanchiriez blanchtes blanchissiez ils blanchissent blanchiraient blanchirent blanchissent The imperative form of  blanchir  is used in short sentences, often as commands or requests. When using it, theres no need to use the subject pronoun. Rather than use tu blanchis, you can simplify it to blanchis. Imperative (tu) blanchis (nous) blanchissons (vous) blanchissez

Public Health Essay example - 4148 Words

Public Health Reflective Assignment The following assignment will analyse and reflect on a communication situation which I observed during my practice .To be able to reflect upon this situation I will use Gibbs(1988) reflective model that will allow me to analyse the communication process between health visitor and client .It will also identify importance of reflective practice and will draw out conclusion for my new leadership role as health visitor .Epstein and Hundert(2002) stated reflective practice as being a benefit for practitioner while using communication ,knowledge ,reasoning , emotions and values in the care provided to improve the service for clients and communities. In addition Duffy(2007) considers that reflective†¦show more content†¦Further, Lee et al (2000) explained that EPDS and GHQ even used together to support identification of signs and symptoms cannot stand as diagnosis of PND and further clinical evaluation is required to accurately diagnose. Myself and my mentor entered the house and observed that Jenny appeared to be very agitated and anxious explaining that she is not coping with two small children and she was blaming herself for not being a good mother .Cooper et al (2007) explained that quite often PND is characterised by low mood, loss of interest in usually enjoyable activities with symptoms that include difficulty in sleeping, feeling of worthlessness or guilt and low energy. I observed my mentor spoke to Jenny using a soft tone of voice trying to assure her and saying that the purpose of the visit was to identify her problems and come up with positive solutions. DeliveringShow MoreRelatedPublic Health And Social Health869 Words   |  4 Pages In the 20th century, public health was greatly defined, shaped, and heralded by its’ breakthroughs’ against infectious diseases of the time and other communicable diseases. 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Aluminium - Brass and Stainless Steel

Question: Discuss about the Report for Aluminium, Brass and Stainless Steel. Answer: Introduction In metal cutting industry, machining of products is major manufacturing processes. Industries are trying for improvement of the machine tool parameters so as to get better products at less cost. To achieve this in past several researches has been done to identify optimum condition for metal cutting. To get the optimum condition of machining quality some CNC machine tools are provided with adaptive controls system. It is system that modifies systems parameter online according to feedback. [Prabhu R., 2012] For enhancing the efficiency of machining processes getting optimize cutting forces is very important tasks. Machining parameter that affect power consumptions are depth of cut, cutting speed. Hence by focusing on this parameter by cutting forces measurement methods is expected to give significant impact on power reduction. These papers contain a brief analysis on the various effects of the cutting parameters on cutting force in the turning process. Improvement of cutting processes, optimization of the cutting parameter, and analysis of cutting technology are achieved by measuring cutting forces.[ Varalakshmi M.V.,2015] Experiment Procedure The job is fixed in chuck and flat the end face of work piece, operation facing is performed. For providing tapered hole job is drilled at centre so as to it be supported be the reference points. Dynamometer sensing unit is placed on CNC lathe by clamped it rigidly. Mount work-piece in chuck. Selected speeds in CNC controller to a suitable combination and start the machine. Wait for stabilizing, output of bridges and measured the maximum output for feed, thrust force. After that write readings.[ Prabhu R.,2012] Mechanics of metal cutting Metal cutting operation is performed by relative motion b/w cutting tool hard edge and the work piece. Cutting of metals can be done by multipoint cutting tool or single point cutting tool. Mainly by two kinds cutting of metal is performed that is oblique and orthogonal cutting. They are known as oblique and orthogonal. In orthogonal tool cutting edges angle is 90o to the direction vector of tools travel and if it is at an angle then known as oblique. For investigating cutting tool performance while cutting of metal, the cutting force measurement is very essential.[ Tulasiramarao B., 2014] Cutting forces Single point cutting tool have only single cutting force while machining but this force is further resolved into the two components so as for ease of the exploitation and analysis. Single force of cutting in turning is then resolved into two x-y components along the two orthogonal direction: X and Y[ Prabhu R., 2012]. These force components are-: Fx-: It is called thrust force act in radials direction. Fy-: That force is called cutting force that acts in feed direction (that is axial direction) Dynamometer Dynamometer measures cutting force in two perpendicular components while turning and that measured values are stored in computer with data acquisitions system. Dynamometer works on principle of the piezoelectric output in which charges proportional has to be measured. That charge is then passed through highly insulated cable to charge the amplifier to get conversions into the proportional voltage. A connection between in-line charge amplifier and dynamometer is of the paramount importance to measurement stability. Dynamometer output is amplified by charge amplifier and then data is collected in computer by mean of data acquisitions system.[ Varalakshmi M.V,2015] Work Piece Material used Aluminum Brass Copper Results Fx- Thrust cutting force in Newton Fy- Cutting force in Newton T- Time in seconds Conclusion From above research it is concluded that Stainless steel need highest amount of cutting force as compare to Brass and aluminum. Experimental analysis was performed on these materials at CNC turning machine tool. So this research paper describes reliable method to measure cutting forces during turning process with help of dynamometer. References Prabhu R.,2012 Effect of cutting Parameters on cutting force and surface roughness of Aluminum components using face milling process- a Taguchi Approach,ISOR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering, ISSN: 2278-1684, Col. 3, Issue 4., Visited 10 Sep 2016, Available: https://iosrjournals.org/iosr-jmce/papers/vol3-issue4/B0340713.pdf?id=2561 Tulasiramarao B., 2014, Measuring cutting forces while cutting of different metals with different speeds, IJAIEM, ISSN 2319-4847, Volume 3, Issue 9, Visited 10 Sep 2016, Available: https://www.ijaiem.org/Volume3Issue9/IJAIEM-2014-09-28-66.pdf Varalakshmi M.V., 2015, Measurement of cutting forces while turning different materials by using lathe tool dynamometer with different cutting tool nomenclature, IJIRSET, ISSN: 2319-8753, Vol.4, Issue 7, Visited 10 Sep 2016, Available: https://www.ijirset.com/upload/2015/july/139_43_MEASUREMENT_NEW.pdf

Capital Structure and Corporate Performance †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Capital Structure and Corporate Performance. Answer: Introduction The assignment deals with the financial analysis of ratios of Maldives Transport and Contracting Company (MTCC). Maldives Transport and Contracting company is engaged in marine and land transport business and also has a separate division which deals with marine and land constructions. The company was one of the first public sector company which was established. The financial performance of the company is to be analyzed with the help of significant ratios. The major ratios which are to be analyzed for the company are liquidity, profitability and efficiency ratios. The analysis will be containing an insight of the capital structure of the company and stock performance of MTCC. Liquidity ratios are used to measure the liquidity of the company which means whether the business has enough liquid cash to meet the short-term liabilities of the company or not (Higgins 2012). In the liquidity ratio sub-head, the most significant ratios are current ratio, liquid ratio and cash ratio. As per the calculation shown, the current ratio of the company has first declined from 1.34 in 2014 to 1.28 in 2015 and then again increased to 1.34 in 2016. This shows that the company is more than capable of handling the short-term business requirements. If the current ratio of the company is above 1 then it signifies that the company is able to meet with the current short-term expenses of the business which MTCC has as stated above (Ahrendsen and Katchova 2012). An ideal current ratio is however 2:1, which means that the current assets must be twice of current liabilities. The quick ratio of the company shows that the ratio is on an increasing trend from 2014. The ratio increased from 0.96 in 2014 to 1.08 in 2016 as per calculations. This is a favorable result as the higher the quick ratio the more liquidity the business has and ideally quick ratio should be greater than 1. However, the ideal results of a quick ratio vary from industry to industry. The cash ratio of the company has decreased and the ratio suggest the real cash of the company is falling. The ratio however does not take into consideration account receivable and inventory and only considers cash and asset which are close to cash. The profitability ratios of the company measure the overall profitability of the company considering the significant areas such as gross profit, net profit, operating profit and similar other areas (Al Karim and Alam 2013). These ratios depict whether the company is performing well in terms of profitability or not. The gross profit ratio shows that the gross profit of the company first increases from 18.73% in 2014 to 23.84% in 2015 and then again decreases to 22% in 2016. The gross profit for the year 2016 has decreased which the company needs to improve and also analyze why the gross profit of the company fall during 2016. The net profit ratio of the company also shows a fluctuating and a similar result when compared to gross profit ratio. The net profit ratio of the company for the year 2016 show a ratio of 8.80% which is even lesser than the ratio result which was calculated for 2014 which is 10.57%. This is not a favorable sign for the business and therefore the business needs t o improve the same. Net profit ratio is a financial indicator and the company needs to improve the overall net profit of the company (Tugas 2012). The operating profit ratio also depicts a fluctuating result and has a similar result and analysis as gross profit ratio and net profit ratio of the company. The return on assets and return on equity also show unfavorable results for the company in the year 2016. The return on asset has decreased from 0.9 in 2015 to 0.8 which is shown in 2016. The return on equity also shows a decreasing trend which was 30.22% in 2015 which has reduced to 18.70% in 2016 which is even lesser than the estimate of 2014. The next group of significant ratios which are to be considered are the efficiency ratio of the company. Such type of ratios generally covers all types of asset turnover ratio of the company. The receivable turnover ratio of the company shows how efficiently the company is able to collect the credit allowed on sales by the company. an high account receivable ratio signifies that the company has a strong credit policy and all credit operations are running smoothly. The receivable turnover ratio of the company shows that the ratio has increased in 2016 which is 1.59 and the same was 1.44 in 2015. Therefore, it suggests that there has been improvement in the receivable turnover ratio or collection policy of the company as the case may be. The inventory turnover ratio shows that the ratio has significantly increased in 2016 in comparison with 2015 results. The inventory ratio of the company for the year 2016 is 4.28 which is much more than previous two years results. The higher the inven tory turnover ratio the more favorable for the business as it will then portray a strong sales structure and lesser inventory in stocks (Ehiedu 2014). While lower inventory turnover ratio shows poor sales structure and more inventory capacity at hand of the company which is being unused by the company. The asset turnover ratio of the company also shows that the ratio has increased from the previous years results (Tehrani, Mehragan and Golkani 2012). The asset turnover ratio for the year 2016 is shown at 0.89. Asset turnover ratio measures the capability of the company to generate revenue or sales in comparison to the assets of the company. The next group of ratios is the capital structure ratio which measures the components of the capital structure of the company. The debt ratio of the company shows that the companys debt ratio has decreased from the result of 2015. The debt ratio for 2015 was 0.61 which has reduced to 0.58 in 2016. From the perspective of risks debt ratios of any company are preferred to be lower as the risk is also low. In this case it can be said that it is favorable for the business of MTCC. The equity ratio shows how much equity capital has the business incorporated in the capital structure of the company. The equity ratio of the company has increased from 2015 which was 0.39 to 0.42 which is shown in 2016. This signifies that the company is now using more of equity in comparison to last year. The gearing ratio of the company shows the total debt which is used by the business in comparison to the equity capital of the business. It is similar to Debt equity ratio however it contains more variations which can provide different results. The gearing ratio of the company 7.07% in 2016 which is lower than previous year figure as the company has reduced the debts of the company. This shows that the company is payoff the debt capital and incorporating more of equity capital in the capital structure mix of the company (Babalola and Abiola 2013). The debt equity ratio of the company shows that the ratio has reduced from 1.59 in 2015 to 1.40 in 2016 which also shows that the company is reducing the debt capital of the company. With the analysis of the debt equity ratio it is evident that the company is trying to restructure the capital structure of the company and add more of equity capital in the mix. However, the full benefit of the capital structure can be extracted when a certain balance is attained between debt and equity capital funds. The stock performance ratios are related and measures the performance of the company on the basis of valuation of stock or earning per shares or market value of shares (Delen, Kuzey and Uyar 2013). Earning per share is the measure of the companys profit per share which is earned by the shareholders of the company (Brigham and Houston 2012). The earning per share of the company has fallen sharply from 312.76 in 2015 to 23.076 in 2016 which is a drastic fall. This is a serious concern for the business as if it is not improved than the companys stock prices and market valuation will repeatedly fall. The dividend payout ratio show that the ratio is much more than previous years measure which shows that the company has declared dividend in spite of low Earning per share. Price earning ratio is the measure of the price which the investor pays for $ 1 profit in the company. The price earning ratio of the company has increased from the previous year results. Recommendations The following recommendations can be offered to the company for improvement in the key financial ratios: The company needs to improve the profitability ratios which are gross profit, net profit and operating profit ratios which are financial indicators and must be improved at all cost for which the company needs to increase the sales revenue which will then increase the gross profit of the company. The company needs to improve its Eps as it is the first thing which an potential investor looks for in the financial statement as It is the measure of earning capacity of the company. The company needs to attain a balance in capital structure mix in order to fully take benefit of the same (Zeitun and Tian 2014). Any business which is planning to start or establish itself in the market needs to plan out the financial requirement which the business needs. In other words, there are certain expenses which initially which the business must incur in order to establish the business in the market (Lee, Sameen and Cowling 2015). The two most popular form of business which can be open are partnership form of business and private limited companies. A partnership form of business is a business where two or more parties cooperate together in order to run a business. In case of partnership the liability of the partners may be unlimited or limited as per the agreement in the Partnership deed (Allen and Kraakman 2016). Whereas in a Private Limited Company the shareholders are the owners of the company, however the company is operated by board of directors who are representatives of the shareholders of the company. The liability in a company is limited to the number of shares which is held by the shareholders of the company. Moreover, a company is regarded as a legal person whereas a partnership form of business does not enjoy such a right 9Burns 2016). Both the above forms of businesses require initial capital to start up the business and also long-term finances for smooth operation of the business. In case of partnership form of business, the various options of financing which are available are: Personal Savings: In a partnership form of business personal savings is an important source of finance. The partners of the firm contribute to the total capital of the firm and operates in a similar fashion whenever there is additional requirement of funds (Gbandi and Amissah 2014). In case of a startup partnership business, generally individuals resort to capital contributions which will be made by the partners of the firm to meet the start up cost of the business instead of taking a loan from banks. The amount which is contributed by the partners are the basis on which the profit which is earned by the firm is distributed among the partners unless otherwise agreed upon. Retained profits: The profits which are earned by the firm are reinvested in the business in many cases which is then used as reserves or retained earnings. However. such type of financing cannot be done in the initial years of the business but for long term financing purpose of the business (Fairfield and Jorratt De Luis 2016). This is the most productive type of financing as it does not create a burden on the business as in the case of debts and also the partners are not bringing in any capital into the business. Short term /Long term Bank loans: This is another mostly used source for financing of capital for the business. The partnership can take a loan as per the requirement of the business that is it can be short term as well as long term in nature. This source of financing can be used by the business at initial stages of the business and also in the pursuance of the long-term business objectives of the firm (Shin 2012). The financing which is done through bank loans can meet both the objectives which can be start up financing as well as long-term financing of the business. Additional Partners Capital: In many situation, there has been cases where the firm is requiring additional capital and the firm does not want to take a loan from banks then they use this technique. Whenever there is an admission of a new partner in the partnership firm, the individual brings in his share of capital for the purpose of investing in the firm and also determining the profit ratio which he is going to get. The additional capital which is brought by the new partners is used for financing purpose of projects and operation of the business. This type of financing is rarely used by firms as admission of a new partner means that the profit sharing ratio diminishes. However, it is commonly seen that a partnership business applies such techniques when a partner retires from a business so as to meet the capital requirements of the business. In case of a company form of business the most common sources of financing for a business are discussed below: Issue of Shares: The most important sources of financing for a business is through issue of shares which can be equity shares or preference share as per the requirement of the business. The company has the ability to issue shares in order to collect small amount of capital per share from potential investors (Engel and Stiebale 2014). The share capital as collected by the business is used in financing the projects of the company. Such sources of financing are useful in start up business as well as financing for the long-term business objectives. In addition to this, financing with share capital is a reliable source of financing for the business (Bobinaite and Tarvydas 2014). Bank Loan: This is another option which is available to the company which can be used for financing of the business. The company can take long- term as well as short term loans from banks for day to day operation of the business. However, lumpsum amount for loans as required by the company is not always available and the bank requires certain securities on the basis of which the bank will be allowing the loan to the company (Robb and Robinson 2014). In the startup phases of the business, company generally do not get any loan from the banks unless they provide ample amount of securities against the loan amount. Debentures: Another source of financing of the business is by issuing debentures for collecting capital. The capital which is collected with the issuance of debentures forms a part of the debt capital of the business. The capital which is collect by the use of debentures can also be used to finance projects and it can issued for collecting funds for start-up cost and also for long-term financial requirements of the business (Buigut et al. 2013). Retained Earnings. The company form of business also employs the concept of retained earnings. The company retains a part of the profit which is earned by the company during previous year and the business reinvest the profits in the business again (Serrasqueiro and Nunes 2012). The retain earnings method which is used by the business is known as plough back of profits in the business. Moreover, such method is advantageous to the company as it increases the internal strength of the company and makes the company financially strong. The retained earnings of the business depend on the amount of profit which was earned by the business in previous year. Moreover, the business cannot use such type of capital in start up financing of the business and has to resort to other means of sourcing of finance. Analysis of Equity, debt and Preference Share source of Capital Basis Equity Source of Financing Debt Source of Financing Preference Share Source of Financing Meaning This refers to the funds which are raised by the business by issuing shares which are also known as equity (Elsas, Flannery and Garfinkel 2014). Tis refers to the capital which is taken from a bank or financial institution This type of capital is similarly raised as equity sources of capital but such shares have rights of their own and are different from equity sources of capital (Gitman, Juchau and Flanagan 2015). Type of capital This is regarded as own capital of the business This is regarded as borrowed capital of the business or also known as loan capital of the business. This also forms a part of the own capital of the business (Abdulsaleh and Worthington 2013). Risks The risks which are associated with equity shares is high as equity shares are generally risky in nature (Bekaert and Harvey 2017). The risks which is associated with debts are low and debt capital are considered less risker than equity sources of capital. This type of shares are not as risky as equity shares but has certain risk factor. Return The return which is generated by equity share capital is in the form of dividends and such dividends depends on the profit which is earned by the company and also on the decision of the management. If the company is not earning profits than the company will not be paying any dividend. The return which is related to debt capital is interest which is fixed and regular in nature and generally depends on the agreement of debts of the business The return which is generated by such sources are fixed unlike equity sources of capital and they are need to be paid even if the company is earning losses. Thus, from the comparison of the above three sources of capital it can be said that the equity source of capital is very useful even though it is a risky source of capital. The consultancy business will be able to collect bulk amount of capital from equity sources and also there is no pressure of dividends in initial years even if the business earns losses. Reference Abdulsaleh, A.M. and Worthington, A.C., 2013. Small and medium-sized enterprises financing: A review of literature.International Journal of Business and Management,8(14), p.36. Ahrendsen, B.L. and Katchova, A.L., 2012. Financial ratio analysis using ARMS data.Agricultural Finance Review,72(2), pp.262-272. Al Karim, R. and Alam, T., 2013. An evaluation of financial performance of private commercial banks in Bangladesh: Ratio analysis.Journal of Business Studies Quarterly,5(2), p.65. Allen, W.T. and Kraakman, R., 2016.Commentaries and cases on the law of business organization. Wolters Kluwer law business. Babalola, Y.A. and Abiola, F.R., 2013. Financial ratio analysis of firms: A tool for decision making.International journal of management sciences,1(4), pp.132-137. Bekaert, G. and Harvey, C., 2017. Emerging equity markets in a globalizing world. Bobinaite, V. and Tarvydas, D., 2014. Financing instruments and channels for the increasing production and consumption of renewable energy: Lithuanian case.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,38, pp.259-276. Brigham, E.F. and Houston, J.F., 2012.Fundamentals of financial management. Cengage Learning. Buigut, K., Soi, N., Koskei, I. and Kibet, J., 2013. The effect of capital structure on share price on listed firms in Kenya. A case of energy listed firms.European Journal of Business and Management,5(9), pp.29-35. Burns, P., 2016.Entrepreneurship and small business. Palgrave Macmillan Limited. Delen, D., Kuzey, C. and Uyar, A., 2013. Measuring firm performance using financial ratios: A decision tree approach.Expert Systems with Applications,40(10), pp.3970-3983. Ehiedu, V.C., 2014. The impact of liquidity on profitability of some selected companies: The financial statement analysis (FSA) approach.Research Journal of Finance and Accounting,5(5), pp.81-90. Elsas, R., Flannery, M.J. and Garfinkel, J.A., 2014. Financing major investments: information about capital structure decisions.Review of Finance,18(4), pp.1341-1386. Engel, D. and Stiebale, J., 2014. Private equity, investment and financial constraints: firm-level evidence for France and the United Kingdom.Small Business Economics,43(1), pp.197-212. Fairfield, T. and Jorratt De Luis, M., 2016. Top income shares, business profits, and effective tax rates in contemporary Chile.Review of Income and Wealth,62(S1). Gbandi, E.C. and Amissah, G., 2014. Financing options for small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in Nigeria.European Scientific Journal, ESJ,10(1). Gitman, L.J., Juchau, R. and Flanagan, J., 2015.Principles of managerial finance. Pearson Higher Education AU. Higgins, R.C., 2012.Analysis for financial management. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Lee, N., Sameen, H. and Cowling, M., 2015. Access to finance for innovative SMEs since the financial crisis.Research policy,44(2), pp.370-380. Robb, A.M. and Robinson, D.T., 2014. The capital structure decisions of new firms.The Review of Financial Studies,27(1), pp.153-179. Serrasqueiro, Z. and Nunes, P.M., 2012. Is age a determinant of SMEs' financing decisions? Empirical evidence using panel data models.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice,36(4), pp.627-654. Shin, H.S., 2012. Global banking glut and loan risk premium.IMF Economic Review,60(2), pp.155-192. Tehrani, R., Mehragan, M.R. and Golkani, M.R., 2012. A Model for Evaluating Financial Performance of Companies by Data Envelopment Analysis-A Case Study of 36 Corporations Affiliated with a Private Organization.International Business Research,5(8), p.8. Tugas, F.C., 2012. A Comparative Analysis of the Financial Ratios of Listed Firms Belonging to the Education Subsector in the Philippines for the Years 2009-2011.International Journal of Business and Social Science,3(21). Zeitun, R. and Tian, G., 2014. Capital structure and corporate performance: evidence from Jordan.

Elizabeth Cady Stanton Essays - American Quakers, United States

Elizabeth Cady Stanton Elizabeth Cady Stanton Elizabeth Cady Stanton was born in 1815 to the affluent parents Daniel and Mary Livingston Cady in Jamestown, NY. Cady's parents made it obvious that they preferred sons to daughters when they showed their mutual displeasure of the birth of the Elizabeth's younger sister. Determined to succeed at a level relative to her brothers, Elizabeth attended Jamestown Academy and studied Greek and Mathematics. It was here that she learned to become a skilled debater. She went on to attend the Troy Female Seminary in New York. It was one of the first universities to offer an education equal to that of male academies. While at Troy she studied logic, physiology, and natural rights philosophy. After graduation, she began to work for her father who was a judge and a lawyer. Here she saw first hand the legal discrimination women faced every day. From then on, she was determined to change the laws. Stanton traveled around the country and even the over seas fighting for civil rights for both blacks and women. During her trips she met up with such women as Susan B. Anthony, Lucretia Mott, and April Bloomer. With the help of her husband Henry Stanton and Mott, Stanton drafted the Declaration of Sentiments in Seneca Falls, NY. It was here, that she was able to get over one hundred men and women to sign the declaration. Stanton managed to become the leading feminist philosopher of the first generation of women's rights activists, write a number of books on women's rights, and become the first president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association, despite having seven children. Because of her large family at home, Stanton was not able to travel with Anthony and the other wo men. However, she did write speeches for Anthony to give. Stanton's knowledge and ability to write combined with Anthony's oratorical skills, made for a very powerful team in the fight for equality. After publishing such books as The History of Women's Suffrage and The Women's Bible, she eventually died in 1902. She is seen by many as the most influential women in this movement. During her lifetime she was able to see many of her goals accomplished. However, it wasn't until well after her death in 1920 that her lifelong dream came true and women, finally, were given the right to vote. History Essays

How to Say No in German, With Explanations and Examples

How to Say No in German, With Explanations and Examples Even people who dont study German know that Nein means no in German. But of course thats only the beginning to German negation. The German adverb nicht and adjective kein can be used to negate a sentence as well. Nicht is the English equivalent of not. Kein, on the other hand, can have different nuances depending on the sentence: no, not any, not a, none, no one, nobody. The rules for applying kein and nicht are actually quite simple. (really!) They are as follows: WhenNichtIs Used in a Sentence The noun to be negated has a definite article. Er liest das Buch. Er liest das Buch nicht. (He is not reading the book.) The noun to be negated has a possessive pronoun. Er liebt seine Freundin. Er liebt seine Freundin nicht. (He does not love his girlfriend.) The verb is to be negated. Ich will schlafen. Ich will nicht schlafen. (I dont want to sleep.) An adverb/adverbial phrase is to be negated. Sie rennt schnell. Sie rennt nicht schnell. (She does not run fast.) An adjective is used with the verb sein. Das Kind ist geizig. Das Kind ist nicht geizig. (The child is greedy.) WhenKeinIs Used in a Sentence The noun to be negated has an indefinite article. Ich will einen Apfel essen. Ich will keinen Apfel essen. (I dont want to eat an apple.) The word kein is in fact k ein and is positioned where the indefinite article would be. The noun has no article. Ich habe Zeit dafà ¼r. Ich habe keine Zeit dafà ¼r. (I dont have time for that.) Please note that though ein has no plural, kein does and follows the standard case declension pattern. The Position of Nicht The position of nicht is not always so clear-cut. However, generally speaking, nicht will precede adjectives, adverbs and either precede or follow verbs depending on its type. Nicht and Sondern, Keinand Sondern When nicht and kein negate only a clause, then usually the second clause that follows will begin with the conjunction sondern. Ich will nicht dieses Buch, sondern das andere.To put particular emphasis on nicht, positioning it at the beginning of the sentence is acceptable: Nicht Karl meinte ich, sondern Karin.

Using the Enron and Northern Rock case studies and with reference to Essay

Using the Enron and Northern Rock case studies and with reference to the accounting, legal and regulatory issues arising in both cases compare and contrast their routes to failure - Essay Example However, according to The Forbes, lack of transparency was the most important reason in comparison to the reckless financial engineering, risk taking, and lending (Denning, 2013). This paper aims to review the two renowned corporate failures including Enron and Northern Rock. The comparison and contrast of the two corporation failures are produced with respect to financial engineering, the role of regulatory bodies, and corporate governance. Enron was established in 1985 as a merger of Houston Natural Gas and InterNorth. The offerings of the company included marketing of electricity and natural gas. The company also offers to the delivery of energy along with other physical commodities to the world. The financial department of the company was offering services for the financial and risk management to a diverse set of customers across the globe (CNN, 2014). The accelerated success of the company in different services made Enron as one of most innovative companies of the world (Moncarz, 2006). Enron operated on two fronts. Firstly, it had footings in almost all aspects of the energy supply chain. This used to provide the company with complete information about the production to distribution aspects. On the other hand, the business had complete information about the order flow. This dual side business marked the real competitive advantage for Enron (Moncarz, 2006). The ability of Enron in managing the risk that initially brought success to the company, however this also became the reason of the demise of the company (Chatterjee, 2003). There were different reasons for the demise of Enron. Some of the most important reasons include; the corporate culture of innovation in operational, financial, and accounting disciplines and exploiting opportunities mainly from deregulated markets for success. It can be analysed as the company introduced special purpose entities to hide mounting debt to equity ratio from stakeholder. This was one of the major reasons for the

IT Project Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

IT Project Management - Assignment Example Besides being a way of reducing costs for organizations, outsourcing is a crucial aspect of growth and a strategic service. Basically, outsourcing comprises of reassigning at least one business process to an external vendor or service provider. Often, organizations outsource specific functions that were originally part of organizational departments. The specified functions focus on business core competencies with good and clear reasons driving such actions. The four key reasons for outsourcing are outlined by Axelrod. Cost efficiency is associated with saving money and reducing operating costs. Outsourcing grants organizations access to world class skills and capabilities that enable them to tap from the best examples within their industry translating to low costs and high quality. Additionally, reduction of operating costs eliminate debts, falling profitability, and low expansion opportunities. Secondly, outsourcing allows business to utilize shared knowledge accumulated by the IT s ervice provider over years of experience in the field. Additionally, the service provider has a unique mix of skills and talent that can successfully manage a project, unlike in-house department. Thirdly, outsourcing controls legal risk or improves compliance since the service provider assumes and manages some of the risks of the business. Additionally, a service provider understands the industry requirements in and out and these assists prevent instances of costly mistakes resulting in an agile, dynamic, and flexible business.

Principles And Applications Of The Financial Management Assignment

Principles And Applications Of The Financial Management - Assignment Example Constructing new office building now at a cost of $4,000,000 from funds the business currently has; ii. Investing the $4,000,000 until 2017 when the business is ready to start construction of the building, at which time it would either use all of the $4,000,000; or iii. Obtain a bank loan for $2,000,000 to help finance the cost. The returns or expenditures on the various options need to be calculated and assessed in order to arrive at the best decision. The return on investment for the 4 year period is approximately 11 percent which represents a total of $434,872. Table 1 below shows the calculations. Option - Invest the $4,000,000 and construct building in 2017 Year Amount Interest    2013 4,000,000 3.50% 4,000,000 2014 4,000,000    4140000 2015 4,140,000    4284900 2016 4,284,900    4434871.5 Interest accumulated ($4,434,872 - $4,000,000)       434,872 ROI       11% Table 1 This return of 11 per cent is considered low when the inflation rate is taken into considerat ion. The forecasted inflation rate for 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017 was 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0 and 2.2 respectively (IMF 2013). This represents inflation of 9.2% for the 5 year period and 7 percent from 2013 to 2016. (See Table 2 in the Appendix for calculations). Therefore the real return on the $4,000,000 if invested would be 4 percent (11% minus 7%). If the building is constructed in 2017 the estimated value to construct it would be $4,415,252. See Table 2 for additional information. Computation of Value of Building in 2017 Year Amount Rate Value 2013 4,000,000 2.50% 4,000,000 2014 4,000,000 2.50% 4100000 2015 4100000 2.50% 4202500 2016 4202500 2.50% 4307563 2017 4307563 2.50% 4415252 Increase in value       415,252 Table 2 The table indicates that the change in value represents an increase of $415,252. Based on the interest calculated in Table 1 this would suggest that if the $4,000,000 was invested enough interest would be earned to cover the expected increase in the value o f the building.

The Effects of Underage Drinking on the Brain

The Effects of Underage Drinking on the Brain Corey Negin, Devin Glim, Aman Gill, Helen Marzec, Kimberly Dias Keywords: Alcohol, Brain, Development, Hippocampus, Frontal areas, Cerebellum, Neuroplasticity, Addiction, Deleterious behaviour and Chronic consumption. Rational/Goal: This video will fixate on alcohol, but will explore the effects of underage drinking on the brain, targeted to teenagers. Underage drinking is widespread as adolescents undergo stressful developmental transitional periods rendering them vulnerable to alcohol consumption. Research indicates that adolescents consume a lot of their alcohol intake by binge drinking, which has detrimental effects upon brain development, as brain maturity and refinement is not finalized until an individual reaches their mid-twenties. Subsequently, the brain development compromised by chronic alcohol consumption can promote deleterious behaviours that persist into adulthood and future functioning. Description/Summary: We will first describe the regions in the brain affected by alcohol consumption. Early in development, the brain creates as many synaptic connections as possible. However, development then shifts to creating efficient neural pathways. Our video will delve into the heightened neuroplasticity that occurs within adolescence. This is a duration by which the prefrontal cortex undergoes myelination and extensive synaptic pruning. The prefrontal cortex governs decision-making and concentration. However, periods of binge drinking have been shown to cause significant white matter loss and myelin damage within the prefrontal cortex. Our video will describe the importance of myelination and how myelin sheath aids in increasing nerve impulse speed. Thereafter, we will denote that a compromise within the nerves ability to conduct impulses would result in cognitive impairment. We will then continue onto the structural and functional changes that the hippocampus incurs due to u nderage drinking; specifically, an increase in immature dendritic spines whereby the branches off the nerve cells appear long and thin. The hippocampus is crucial for learning and memory. This therefore cultivates alcohol-induced memory deficits. Furthermore, the altered brain functioning appears to be irreversible. Additional evidence exhibits a thinner prefrontal cortex and smaller hippocampus within adolescent drinking individuals, relative to the age the alcohol consumption began. Script: (Skit beginning)-45secs (Start of party scene; incoherent speaking) (Sees person two stammering, falling over the table, and trying to stand properly) 1: Are you okay? 2: Ye aaà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Im more than okay! Im gr e aaa t! (Swinging an alcoholic beverage around) Heyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ heyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. (Points towards friend and walks over to them struggling, falling over) Dont you feel great too? 3: Yeah, I feel awesome man! Heyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ eve ee ryo on e! Le ts taake shoots s! Everyone: Yeah! (Shots by LMFAO playing) 1: Dont you think youve had enough? 2: You can never have enough! (Takes 3 shots in a row) (Continues dancing to the music [Shots by lmfao]) 1: Sure, but dont you also have a paper due on Friday? 2: Do I? I forgot Its okay, I still have a day to do it 1: Its 10 pages 2: What was on again? 1: You dont remember? 2: More relevant things are on my mind, like how great this alcohol is 3: (Nodding in agreement, 3 1 toast with their shot glasses) (Continues to dance, however, while dancing backwards, 2 hits the 3, and both fall face forward, blacking out) [Cut to dream-like scene when 2 is older in university, conducting thesis on underage drinking] Main: 1. Describe brain regions affected by alcohol consumption (eg. prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, cerebellum) [Both structural functional changes) Hippocampus: learning memory (learning new information would become difficult; transfer from short term to long term memory [propagating blackouts]) -Kim- 30secs Many regions of the brain, including the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, are actively developing throughout ones adolescence, and are therefore more susceptible to damage due to alcohol consumption. The hippocampus is a small part of your brain that processes and stores memories. Drinking excessive alcohol can affects ones ability to form new memories, and hold on to new information. This is because alcohol can impair your brains ability to transfer new learned information from your short term to your long term memory (Hiller-Sturmhà ¶fel, Swartzwelder, 2004). As a result, you may be able to remember whats happening in the moment during a night of drinking, but may find it hard to recall the events that occurred that night the following day. Alcohol can also affect your ability to form new explicit memories, which are memories of facts such as names and phone numbers, or events, like what you did last night. Excessive drinking can cause excessive damage to the hippocampus, resul ting in blackouts: periods of time that you cannot remember what happened at all. (Anderson et al., 2009). Finally, studies have shown a correlation between excessive drinking and a decrease in hippocampus size in the brain. (Debellis et al., 2000). Frontal areas: impulses, thinking through consequences (poor decision making, lack of self control)- Aman -30secsAs soon as we take that shot of vodka, one of the first parts of the brain the alcohol will affect is the frontal lobe, specifically the prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex involves planning complex cognitive behaviour, attention, and decision making (Abernathy, Chandler, Woodward, 2010). Therefore, it should come to no surprise that alcohols profound effects on the prefrontal cortex, ultimately impair our ability to make rational decisions, as well as our reasoning and judgement! In fact, George, Rogers Duka, conducted a study among social drinkers to assess the decisions they made through various gambling tasks. They concluded that acute alcohol intake lead them to make significantly more risky decisions (George, Rogers, Duka, 2005). To add, another study conducted on the effects of adolescent binge drinking and decision making showed a high association between r elatively more disadvantageous decisions and those who started binge drinking at an early age (Goudriaan, Grekin, Sher, 2007). So how exactly does alcohol lead us to tell our crush how obsessed we are with them? The prefrontal cortex inhibits cortical and subcortical structures, which help prevent us from the urges to say something socially unacceptable (Munakata et al., 2011). Alcohol affects the NMDA glutamate receptors by inhibiting these same inhibitory effects of the prefrontal cortex, essentially making us disinhibited (Tu et al., 2007)! Cerebellum: motor control (balance; difficulties standing or walking)- Devin 20secsAlong with the hippocampus and frontal areas, the cerebellum may also be affected by heavy adolescent alcohol consumption. The cerebellums main functions are to control motor function while also participating in cognitive learning related to spatial awareness (Doya, 2000). This is why we have difficulties walking, standing, or even preventing our drink from accidentally spilling on our crush as we tell them how much we like them! Unfortunately, these difficulties can become long-lasting as alcohol can change the biochemical function of the cerebellum (Ward et al., 2009). Microglia levels (the brains immune cells) also increase in response to alcohol exposure, resulting in an increase in the inflammation of the surrounding brain tissue, leading to eventual long term neuronal death (Riikonen et al., 2002) 2. Heightened neuroplasticity that occurs during adolescent brain development (myelination, synaptic pruning; see letter of intent for more)- 30secs 3. The brain isnt fully developed until 25 years old thereby critical development is interrupted [Explain the long term lasting consequences]- 30secs Adolescence is a time between childhood and adulthood whereby neural development is composed by physical, psychological and social changes marking this a period of vulnerability and adjustment (Bourque et al., 2016). It also marks a time of increased emotional reactivity and sensitivity which contributes to a greater degree of addiction during the developmental period (Bourque et al., 2016; Case, Jones, Hare, 2008). Indeed, neuroplasticity, the ability to form new neural connections, is influenced by the environment, and particularly within adolescence when the brain is still within development (Hiller-Sturmhà ¶fel Swartzwelder, 2004). The cognitive development that occurs during adolescence is linked to greater cognitive control and modulation whereby increased activation in the prefrontal regions is indicative of maturity (Bourque et al., 2016; Case, Jones, Hare, 2008). However, adolescents indulge in deleterious and high-risk behaviour such as binge drinking which significant ly impair the neuroplasticity of the brain, involving the myelination of the prefrontal fiber tracts (Clark, Thatcher, Tapert, 2008). As myelin sheath aids in increasing nerve impulse speed, a compromise within the nerves ability to conduct impulses results in cognitive impairment. The rational portion of an adolescents brain isnt fully developed until 25 years old therefore obstructing connections in the prefrontal cortex hinders the adolescents social and mental health trajectories for years to come. 4. Susceptibility to addiction (Underage drinkers are 4x more likely to develop an addiction to alcohol, as opposed to an individual who waits until legal drinking age) [Basically the conclusion? Can also do a bit of an introduction about binge drinking in general to lead into the portion about the structural/functional changes that occur]-30secs Corey To wrap things up, underage drinkers are 4x more likely to develop an addiction to alcohol as opposed to an individual who waits until legal drinking age to start consuming! As a result, binge drinking can start to develop, which is the consumption of excess amounts of alcohol in a short period of time. Binge drinking can lead to many structural and functional changes such as difficulty walking, blurred vision, slurred speech, slowed reaction times and impaired memory. It is important to note that maturational changes in brain anatomy, connectivity, and function continue well into late adolescence. To date, imaging studies using different modalities have consistently reported that alcohol use during adolescence is associated with abnormalities in brain structure, function and connectivity. Furthermore, the altered brain functioning appears to be irreversible. Additional evidence exhibits a thinner prefrontal cortex and smaller hippocampus within adolescent drinking individuals, relat ive to the age the alcohol consumption began.So is it really worth it? I dont think so! Yes you are a teenager but I promise you, you dont need alcohol to have fun! (Skit ending)-20secs 2 wakes up to people looking over him 3: Hey man, are you okay? 2: Yeah, I think so 3: Are you down to take another shot? The alcohol is almost finished, and I saved the best for last 2: (Thinks back to what has happened) 2: No, its okay I have a paper to doà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (Scratches head; zooming in on face) 2: (Face expression displayed is sort of like this: https://media.giphy.com/media/pai7N0iFj01CU/giphy.gif) Camera zooms out; scene fades to black) Examples of videos with alike infrastructure relative to alcohol the developing brain: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EY37BFmVxwQ (Animation) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g2gVzVIBc_g (Animation) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=j_Pe4R9Myu4 (Animation; brain scans shown) Member Contributions: All 5 group members equally contributed to the research and writing of the script for this video. Helen is the facilitator for the knowledge translation video, and is responsible for the part of the video pertaining to the heightened neuroplasticity that occurs during development. Aman is responsible for the portion that covers the effects of alcohol on the prefrontal cortex, and Kimberly is responsible for the effects of alcohol on the hippocampus and memory. Devin is responsible for alcohols effect on the cerebellum and motor control, and Corey for Conclusion and take home messages. Helen will also be narrating the audio for the video, while we all will be involved in the production of the skit, and editing of the video cuts and final video. Finally, all 5 group members will be equally contributing to the production and editing of this video. References Abernathy, K., Chandler, L. J., Woodward, J. J. (2010). Alcohol and the prefrontal cortex. International review of neurobiology, 91, 289-320. Anderson, P., De Bruijn, A., Angus, K., Gordon, R., Hastings, G. (2009). Impact of alcohol advertising and media exposure on adolescent alcohol use: a systematic review of longitudinal studies. Alcohol and alcoholism, 44(3), 229-243. Bourque, J., Baker, T., Dagher, A., Evans, A., Garavan, H., Leyton, M. et al. (2016). Effects of delaying binge drinking on adolescent brain development: a longitudinal neuroimaging study. BMC Psychiatry, 16(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s12888-016-1148-3 Casey, B. J., Jones, R. M., Hare, T. A. (2008). The adolescent brain. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1124(1), 111-126. Clark, D. B., Thatcher, D. L., Tapert, S. F. (2008). Alcohol, psychological dysregulation, and adolescent brain development. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 32(3), 375-385. De Bellis, M. D., Clark, D. B., Beers, S. R., Soloff, P. H., Boring, A. M., Hall, J., Keshavan, M. S. (2000). Hippocampal volume in adolescent-onset alcohol use disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 157(5), 737-744. Doya, K. (2000). Complementary roles of basal ganglia and cerebellum in learning and motor control. Current opinion in neurobiology, 10(6), 732-739. George, S., Rogers, R. D., Duka, T. (2005). The acute effect of alcohol on decision making in social drinkers. Psychopharmacology, 182(1), 160-169. Goudriaan, A. E., Grekin, E. R., Sher, K. J. (2007). Decision making and binge drinking: a longitudinal study. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 31(6), 928-938. Hiller-Sturmhà ¶fel, S., Swartzwelder, H.S. (2004). Alcohols Effects on the Adolescent Brain-What Can Be Learned From Animal Models. Alcohol Research and Health, 28(4), 213-221 Munakata, Y., Herd, S. A., Chatham, C. H., Depue, B. E., Banich, M. T., OReilly, R. C. (2011). A unified framework for inhibitory control. Trends in cognitive sciences, 15(10), 453-459. Riikonen, J., Jaatinen, P., Rintala, J., Pà ¶rsti, I., Karjala, K., Hervonen, A. (2002). Intermittent ethanol exposure increases the number of cerebellar microglia. Alcohol and alcoholism, 37(5), 421-426. Squeglia, L. M., Jacobus, J., Tapert, S. F. (2009). The influence of substance use on adolescent brain development. Clinical EEG and neuroscience, 40(1), 31-38. Tu, Y., Kroener, S., Abernathy, K., Lapish, C., Seamans, J., Chandler, L. J., Woodward, J. J. (2007). Ethanol inhibits persistent activity in prefrontal cortical neurons. Journal of Neuroscience, 27(17), 4765-4775. Ward, R. J., Lallemand, F., De Witte, P. (2009). Biochemical and neurotransmitter changes implicated in alcohol-induced brain damage in chronic or binge drinking alcohol abuse. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 44(2), 128-135.

An Analytical Essay Explaining Why Arthur Miller Wrote The Crucible :: Essay on The Crucible

An Analytical Essay Explaining Why Arthur Miller Wrote The Crucible Authors often have underlying reasons for giving their stories certain themes or settings. Arthur Miller’s masterpiece, The Crucible, is a work of art inspired by actual events as a response to political and moral issues. Set in Salem, Massachusetts in 1692, The Crucible proves to have its roots in events of the 1950’s and 1960’s, such as the activities of the House Un-American Committee and the â€Å"Red Scare.† Though the play provides an accurate account of the Salem witch trials, its real achievement lies in the many important issues of Miller’s time that it dealswith. Throughout The Crucible, Miller is concerned with conscience and guilt. Through the character Abigail Williams, he shows how people are willing to abandon their firmly-established values in order to conform with the majority and protect themselves. Those who refuse to part with their conscience, such as the character of John Proctor, are chastised for it. For this reason, the Salem witch trials raise a question of the administration of justice. During this time in the late 1600’s, people were peroccupied by a fear of the devil, due to their severe Puritan belief system. Nineteen innocent people are hanged on the signature of Deputy Governor Danforth, who has the authority to try, convict, and execute anyone he deems appropriate. However, we as readers sense little to no real malice in Danworth. Rather, ignorance and fear plague him. The mass hysteria brought about by the witchcraft scare in The Crucible leads to the upheaval in people’s differentiation between right and wrong, fogging their sense of true justice. When Arthur Miller wrote The Crucible in the early 1950’s, the United States was experiencing a modern â€Å"witch hunt† of its own. Senator Joseph McCarthy, provoked by the Cold War, became fearfully convinced that Communists, or â€Å"Reds,† were polluting American government. He intended to hunt them out, force them to confess, and make them name their associates, almost as the Salem judges had done. In fact, the character of Danforth is based on McCarthy himself. There is a great parallel between the witch trials and the â€Å"Red Scare.† Both created a frenzy among the public, involved people going against each other to prove their innocence, and sought to hunt out those who rebelled against the dominant values of the time.

Do You Believe That the Greatest Leaders Are Born, Not Made

When you ask people why they followed their leader or what made their leader great, most would use words like charismatic, honest, trustworthy and confident. So this begs the question, are these all qualities that are born or learned? According to Webster’s dictionary, charisma is a â€Å"spiritual power or personal quality that gives an individual influence or authority over large numbers of people. † So a charismatic leader can be defined as a certain quality of an individual personality, by virtue of which he is set apart from ordinary men and treated as a person with supernatural or superhuman powers or qualities.So with that said, can that be learned over time or simply just polished? How can those qualities or characteristics be taught? We can take a charismatic person and polish or refine them to be better leaders but charisma, according to the definition cannot be taught. According to Dr. Joe Pace in â€Å"The Workplace: Interpersonal Strengths and Leadershipâ €  he describes three qualities to what makes a good leader. â€Å"A good leader used his or her authority to do three things: motivate, manage and make Decisions. (Pace-84) So by this definition one would assume that these characteristics can be learned. Through mentorship in the workplace one can be taught when to make the decision, how to manage personnel and how to motivate people. After all, the human resources division in the professional work environment spends countless hours and dollars training personnel on learning how to effectively motivate their personnel and manage them correctly. So in this example it would appear that leadership can be learned.I have been told by many that I command presence when I walk into a room. For years it would bother me that so many people found it necessary to touch me, to find a way to brush up against me or reach out and hold my arm as I was talking to them. I use to ask my wife all the time â€Å"why do so many people find it necess ary to touch me? † She tried to explain to me that people wanted to see if I was real and that I carried such a positive aura about me that commanded respect, attention and confidence and some people needed or wanted to be a part of that.I use to laugh it off and tell her she was crazy but this has been happening since I can remember. I remember being in middle school going to watch my brothers play high school football and when I would talk to my older brothers the girls would always put their hands on me to tussle my hair, grab me to hug me or even put an arm around me and I use to just find it odd but always just chalked it up to girls liking my brothers. As I got older I noticed the same things happening to me and sometimes to the point of feeling uncomfortable about the situation.So again I would ask my wife the same question and her reply became â€Å"just because you are older and heavier than you were twenty years ago, your presence is still known when you walk into a room and people want to be part of you. You need to learn to embrace it, accept it and just know that this will always happen to you. † She went on to explain to me that people love to be around me because they always feel that I am the smartest person in the room, even if I am not, my complete confidence in myself commands that.She explained to me that when I speak to people, I am always speaking with complete confidence and believe what I am saying and I never doubt myself or give the appearance of it. So I think back at my life and wonder to myself; where did I learn this? I have come to the conclusion that I never learned this, I was born with this and over time I have polished it and refined it. So for me personally, I have to believe great leaders are born, not made. References Bock, Wally. Three Star leadership, 2006. http://www. threestarleadership. com/articles/bornormade. htm Conger, J. A. , and R. N. Kanungo (Eds), Charismatic Leadership in Organizations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 1998 Pace, Joe DR. The professional development series: Book Two: The Workplace; Interpersonal Strengths and Leadership. Published by McGraw-Hill, Inc. 1221 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY.

Leadership Approach Paper †Behavioral Approach Essays

Leadership Approach Paper – Behavioral Approach Essays Leadership Approach Paper – Behavioral Approach Paper Leadership Approach Paper – Behavioral Approach Paper Leadership Approach Paper – Organizations depend on the management and leadership skills of individuals in order to be successful. Leaders do not have to be managers but are equally important. Leaders are individuals who possess traits, behavior and abilities to influence others to accomplish tasks and other needed objectives for the company. Leadership is defined as â€Å"the ability of an individual to influence, motivate, and enable others to contribute toward the effectiveness and success of the organization. . . .† (House et al. , 1999, pg. 184). According to Yuki, G. 2010) there are five different leadership approaches that are being researched. These five approaches are: 1. Trait approach 2. Behavior approach 3. Power-influence approach 4. Situational approach 5. Integrative approach This paper analyzes the behavioral approach and includes strengths and weaknesses of that approach as well as an example of this leadership approach used in a n organization. Behavioral leadership approach The behavioral approach started in the early 1950’s due to the discouragement of researchers with the trait approach. This approach focuses on the behavior of leaders and the way they â€Å"did† and accomplished tasks. Different patterns of behavior were grouped together and labeled as styles. This became a very popular activity within management training – perhaps the best known being Blake and Mouton’s Managerial Grid (1964; 1978)† (Doyle Smith, 2011). The four main styles in regard to the behavioral approach research by Doyle Smith 2011 are: concern for the task, concern for the people, directive leadership and participative leadership. Personal example of use of this leadership approach Looking at all five different approaches of leadership styles, the behavioral approach is the one approach I am personally most familiar with. Other than traits of people, behavior can be learned. The learning capability of this approach is the biggest advantage and strengths present. A person can change behaviors and learn new ones which lead directly into the weaknesses of this approach. It is a not an easy task to change behavior, especially if a person is not interested in change. This is approach seems to best fit my personal leadership approach. Looking back at my previous employment as a financial associate at Boone County National Bank, I can relate to the definition of the behavioral approach. I was always concerned about given tasks and people. My behavior influenced others to follow and start behaving the same way I did. A great example is the way I used to deal with my customers. I was friendly, concerned with their business and ensured that they were well taken care of. By being concerned and open minded, I completed sales and other branch needed tasks without pushing or forcing myself on someone. With a combination of traits and behavior me and my colleagues made a great team and were able to complete all tasks on time, efficiently and effectively as well as satisfy all of our customers and managers. Looking back over the accomplishments of the branch I worked in as well as my personal accomplishments, I feel proud of what I have helped accomplish. Conclusion Understanding the difference between effective management and effective leadership is important. Leaders are not always born leaders; they can be formed into leaders if that is what they want. All five leadership approaches combined would form the perfect leader but each individual has special traits and behaviors that can make one into a leader. The behavioral approach is one of the few approaches that can be learned and it is amazing what a difference in behavior can do for someone. Reference Doyle, M. E. , Smith, M. K. (2011, December 01). Classical Leadership. Retrieved from http:// infed. org/leadership/traditional_leadership. htm House et al (1999), Leadership definition, pg. 184 Retrieved from https://ecampus. phoenix. edu/content/eBookLibrary2/content/eReader. aspx#biblio01_331 Yukin, G. (2010) Leadership in organizations (7th ed. ), chapter 1.

Different types of healthcare options in America Essays

Different types of healthcare options in America Essays Different types of healthcare options in America Paper Different types of healthcare options in America Paper Medicare and Medicaid programs were enacted in America’s constitution around 44years ago with an aim of setting aside a fund that would provide medical care for all American citizens. However, even with the presence of government programs, the public healthcare system is in a terrible state. (Anne O. James A. 564). In 2004 for instance, 45 millions of Americans were uninsured and â€Å"turned to hospital emergency rooms for even routine care† numbers of uninsured, it is projected that Medicare program will run out of funds if no suitable remedial action is taken. The reason why a lot of Americans are not insured is because they can nit afford the exorbitant medical care is attributed to the highly fragmented medical care system every medical care provider attempt â€Å"to get the biggest cut of health care dollar they can.† The industry reports that it is forced to charge high medical bills because they need to finance research and development. . (Anne O. James A. 564) As a result of the unaffordable charges, the number of people who have put off medical care is increasing leading to serious health conditions. There are different types of insurance for health care option and are categorized into:    Employed based health insurance coverage Under this we have: Small employer group This insurance option applies to employers who have 2-50 employees. The federal health insurance portability and accountability Act of1996 requires that health insurance contracts for small health groups be on guarantee issue basis and also guarantee renewable unless the employer has failed to pay premiums, committed fraud, intentionally misrepresented or has failed to comply with the terms of the health insurance contract. (Harry A. S 222)   This particular scheme is advantageous especially to smaller companies. Some small health group insurance programs provide additional benefits like free dental care. There is a large network of medical care providers who participate in these programs. There is benefit of economies of scale, making the charges per person lower than individual programs. The contributions of employers and in some cases the workers are not taxed. (Harry A. S 240) However, this scheme is not flexible whereby some organizations allows medical care from specified physicians. The employees in such cases are denied the opportunity of getting medical care from their favorite physicians or the physician of their choice. (Harry A. S 254) Large employer group This program is applicable for employers who have from 51 or more employees. The average charges are lower than both small groups and individual health insurance opting due to economics of scale. The contributions of both employers and employees in most cases are not taxable. Many employers allow their employees to temporary continue their health insurance under specified conditions for a specified period of time. (Ben Irvine) Individuals who have other insurance coverage or have not exhausted COBRA coverage are not provided with this benefit. This option also precludes individuals who did not previously belong to any health insurance coverage as well as those who have not stayed for 18 months prior to the previous creditable coverage. (Applicable to Washington State) Individual health insurance coverage This is the common plan that is in most cases entered by the self-employed and unemployed people. The person intending to secure this kind of plan is medically examined and his/her financial status evaluated by the insurance provider to determine whether the person is financially capable of sustaining the premium payments. (Ben Irvine)   This particular program has several advantages one of which is that a person can choose the benefits that she/he would like provided in the insurance package. If a person under an individual health insurance is unable to pay the monthly dues other insurance organizations that a person has entered can share the medical expenses incase the person becomes ill. (Ben Irvine) On the other hand it is a little bit more expensive than the group insurance schemes and for a person to be eligible to this plan; he/she must have been previously covered. Coverage for medically uninsurable persons

Video Surveillance Cameras vs. Personal Privacy Research Paper

Video Surveillance Cameras vs. Personal Privacy - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that video surveillance has been in existence for a long time now. Often you will find cameras in shopping malls, bank halls, workplaces, airports, transportation hubs and mostly on urban streets. As modernization and development increased, the number of risks also grew to such an alarming extent that employers, governments, organizations and even individuals saw the need for keeping a close watch on their lives and property. Video surveillance has been more embraced in the recent times compared to other complex systems. Camera surveillance has taken over the market as a main figure of supervision in high risk public and private areas, where theft and terrorism are observed to be prevalent. The digital technology has proved to be the ultimate stimulator for camera surveillance, which comes in a variety of models that could be easily implemented for use. According to Jones, there are about 100 million CCTV cameras operating in the world of w hich 30 million can be identified to be from the United States. Systems of video surveillance cameras have been applied widely to different situations and not necessarily to intrude on personal privacy but to monitor and supervise activities for the intended purposes. The use of surveillance cameras is potentially used and recognized in the European nations more than in the United States, with Europe significantly overstating the benefits of the CCTV.... It is obvious that those cameras will be deployed on both ordinary public places and even more private areas, which are prone to crime. The constitution project staff (12) mentions that video surveillance is carried out in line with the need for police investigation, in a suspected criminal act of an individual in New York, pursuant to a warrant. Most of the crimes are strategically organized not to occur in an open place, rather looking for a secluded environment to pursue their mission. Placing cameras in such locations would make it easier for security agencies to deter crime and capture the offenders. Many in the society oppose the government strategy, claiming that they are being watched or recorded enough to read an individual’s next move and the way they privately carry themselves in the public. A study on Manhattan surveillance cameras established that there were high chances of being recorded almost every step of the way, as one walked around the city and most especia lly, it seems to be worse when more cameras are even located in some sacred public domains (Winston and Edelbach 223). While this is true, individuals concentrate more on their private life and tend to forget that the primary concern is not surveillance intrusion in privacy, but to gather and cover timed activities for analysis and as evidence in case of an event (Constitution Project Staff 8). Again, individuals who seem to be anxious would portray a character that would raise the suspicion of security agents monitoring activities on cameras, making them question whether the individual has a hidden agenda. With border patrol surveillance, cameras are placed on roads, highways and at the border to keep watch and control exits and

Water Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Water Pollution - Essay Example Sadly, perhaps with no thought of its great value, some people unknowingly, or even knowingly, contaminate sources of this precious commodity. In some instances, such contaminations have left behind irreversible damage to the already diminishing supply. At this point, it is worth saying that this vital yet often ignored resource is water. Water pollution is a major challenge facing the world today.  All life is dependent on water, implying that there can be no life without water. Although earth is largely covered with water, it is sad that only a small percentage can be consumed. USGS.gov report revealed that only 1% of the earth’s water can be consumed by humans, 99% of which is groundwater and only 1% being lake/river water. The unusable water is either saline, or frozen in ice caps/glaziers, or is ocean water. With only a small portion being consumable, it would be prudent that this meager resource is kept as safe as possible. This is sadly not the case. Every day the mea ger sources of consumable water are depleted, thanks to acts of pollution. Such pollution occurs with or without realization. Water pollution is defined as the addition of harmful foreign elements (pollutants) to consumable water. This presentation seeks to highlight the various causes of water pollution.  Water pollution refers to the contamination of water bodies such as rivers, lakes, aquifers, oceans, and groundwater. It occurs when pollutants are directly or indirectly discharged into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.  In numerous parts of the world mainly the developing countries, water pollution is a widespread menace which has profound impacts on the aesthetic characteristics of the environment, the health of the consumers of the polluted water and the economic and social wellbeing the inhabitants of these areas in general.  

Responsibility to Protect Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6000 words

Responsibility to Protect - Dissertation Example In his studies about democide (a term has come to be used to refer to the murders committed by governments on individual or groups, including genocides, mass killing and crimes against humanity), Rummel (1986, 1997) illustrated that democides are more threatening than international wars, as he estimated the total number of deaths killed by governments in the 20th century 174 million dead, which is more than the battle-deaths during the same period. Moreover, he found that regimes who committed democide are likely to be dictatorial, such as Communists and Nazis. Figure 1: Democide Compared to War Battle-Dead, adobted from Rummel (1994). The next sections of the introduction will initially define three key crimes that violate human rights the most, namely: war crimes, genocide and crimes against humanity. Secondly, the struggle of dealing with these crimes, and the evolution of the means used for preventing them will be illustrating. The third section will cover the research question, objectives and structure. The ultimate part will focus on exploring the problem by demonstrating the tension of state sovereignty and the debate of the R2P. War Crimes, Genocide and Crimes against Humanity War crimes refer to the excessive violation of human rights within wars, and a serious breach of international humanitarian law (Clarisse, 2011). There have been several codifications in the international level concerning war crimes, beginning with The Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907, followed by the Conventions of 12 August 1949 and their Additional Protocols I and II of 1977 and article 8 of the 1998 Rome Statute for the International Criminal Court. Murders, attacks on civilian (either prisoners, free or refugees) and their goods, pillage and rape are all considered war crimes (OHCHR, 2010). Moreover, â€Å"Genocide, crimes against humanity, mistreatment of civilians or combatants during war can all fall under the category of war crimes. Genocide is the most severe of these crimes (BBC, 2009). However, the second concept that must be clarified is genocide, which came from a Polish Jew called Raphael Lemkin in 1944 when he combined a Greek word (genos) meaning group, and a Latin word (cide) which means killing (Rossil, 2003). Genocide can be officially defined with regard to Article II of the 1948 United Nation Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide as: â€Å"any of a number of acts committed with the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnic, racial or religious group: killing members of the group; causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group, and forcibly transferring children of the group to another group.† (UN, 1948) Other crimes against humanity include â€Å"murder, extermination, enslave ment, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population, before or during the war, or persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds in execution of or in connection with any crime within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal,

Geographies of Social Difference Essay Example for Free

Geographies of Social Difference Essay Map 1: [Figure 2, People not fluent in English as a percentage of the total population aged 5 years and over, Sydney, 2006] (a) Compare the spatial pattern of the map to the map of unemployment. Does the map share the same spatial pattern as unemployment (i.e. do the areas of high and low concentration match)? Describe the similarities and differences in the spatial pattern. Figure (1) displays that there is a high prevalence of unemployed people in the Western and South western regions of Sydney. Sydneys South West areas and inner west areas have high numbers of people not fluent in English e.g. Cabramatta-Marrickville .Both Figure (1) and (2) correlate well with each other as the areas which are high numbers of unemployment are also areas which have a high number on individuals of are not fluent in English. b) Explain why your map shares (or does not share) a similar spatial pattern to the map of unemployment. Areas which have high numbers of unemployed individuals are also areas which have a high number in individuals who are not fluent in English. Individuals not being fluent in English may be limited to employment opportunities as they may lack fundamental communication skills which are needed in the workforce. They may also have limited opportunities to attain qualifications that may improve chances of employment due to their lack of English skills e.g. entering a Question 2, Map 2. Map 2: [Figure (3) Low income Households with a gross weekly income less than $500, as a percentage of all households. Sydney, 2006.] Compare the spatial pattern of the map to the map of unemployment. Does the map share the same spatial pattern as unemployment (i.e. do the areas of high and low concentration match)? Describe the similarities and differences in the spatial pattern. Figure (1) and Figure (3) have similar spatial patterns of unemployment and low income households. Both unemployment and low income are common in the central western parts of Sydney (Blacktown) and also South Western parts of Sydney such as Campbelltown and also leading into the inner western and eastern suburbs such as Villawood and Claymore (ABS, 2006). These maps show similarities as unemployment often results in individuals living off low income. b) Explain why your map shares (or does not share) a similar spatial pattern to the map of unemployment. Figure (1) and Figure (3) have similar spatial patterns as unemployment and low income correlate with each other. Both unemployment and low income are prevalent specifically in the Western suburbs of Sydney. Individuals who earn low incomes are left with little to no amounts of discretionary income, hence why they reside in areas within Western Sydney as estate is more affordable to buy or rent in comparison to other regions such as Northern Sydney Question 3: The map of unemployment shows that some areas of Sydney experience higher levels of unemployment compared to the rest of Sydney. Identify and explain the changes that have taken place in the economy (e.g. in Sydney, NSW, Australia) that have generated such unevenness in socio-economic opportunities. Discrepancies between the rich and poor have been known to humanity for countless years. These discrepancies are evident in all societies where there are a variety of individuals who belong to different classes on the social class ladder. These discrepancies are evident in figure (1) and (3) where unemployment and low income are most common in Western parts of Sydney. Individuals often chose to reside in Sydneys Western suburbs where living and life style costs are considerably cheaper in comparison to Eastern/Northern areas of Sydney. Economic changes within regions results in social polarization. Socio-spatial polarisation) refers to divergence over time in the life chances and socio-ec onomic circumstances of low income and middle to high income populations CITATION Wai00 \l 3081  (Waitt, et al., 2000). Income is a critical factor underlying polarisation. In Australia, the top 25 per cent of families now receive about 5 times as much disposable income as the lowest 25 per cent CITATION Wai00 \l 3081 (Waitt, et al., 2000). These statistics are evident in figure (1) where unemployment are most common in the Western parts of Sydney due to the living costs being lower in comparison to North and East suburbs of Sydney. As social-polarisation is associated with socioeconomic factors such as income and education, it can be said that individuals who are not fluent in English are less likely to find employment due to their lack of essential work skills. Another reason that causes discrepancies between low socioeconomic status communities and high socioeconomic status communities is the constant improvement and development of areas which are seen to be more desirable to live in. An example of this is the constant advertisements which portray messages saying new inner-city residence that will bring about a new way of living or state that living in the inner city has so many benefits: you can walk to work, miss traffic jams, stroll to all the best restaurants and be part of the lively city ambience CITATION Bau05 \l 3081 (Baum, et al., 2005). This results in individuals wishing to move into areas close to the CBD. As populations increase in these areas, infrastructure will also increase. This will create jobs which will favour individuals living close by. This cycle results in low socio-economic areas receiving less development opportunities as individuals prefer to reside in other areas e.g. Individuals preferring to reside in Northern Sydney over Western Sydney. Individuals who reside in Western Sydney Suburbs that are able to find employment in high socioeconomic areas such as Northern Sydney which are constantly redeveloped and improved are faced with the burdens of travelling for long periods . References Waitt, G, McGuirk, P, Dunn, K, Hartig, K Burnley, I 2000, Transforming cities: socio-spatial polarisation, in Introducing human geography: globalisation, difference and inequality, Longman, Sydney, pp. 405-406. Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2006. A Social Atlas, 2006 Census of Population Housing, Sydney: Australian Bureau of Statistics. Baum, S., OConnor, K. Stimson, R., 2005. Suburbs of advantage and disadvantage. In: Fault lines exposed: advantage and disadvantage across Australias  settlement system. Melbourne: Monash University ePress, pp. 12-30.

Fitzgeralds Taps At Reveille Essay -- Fitzgerald Taps At Reveille Ess

Fitzgerald’s â€Å"Taps At Reveille† During his lifetime, Scott Fitzgerald was known primarily as a short-story writer. In his twenty-year career, he published a hundred and sixty-four stories in various magazines, and forty-four were written in the last six years of his life. Published by Scribner’s in 1935, â€Å"Taps At Reveille†, a short-story collection, composed eighteen of those last efforts. Critics met it with mixed reviews: one called it â€Å"appealing†1 while another, â€Å"feeble and inadequate†1. But the 1930’s were particularly difficult years for the Fitzgeralds. By mid-decade (and the year of publication for â€Å"Taps At Reveille†) Scott’s drinking had spiraled into full blown alcoholism, Zelda, Scott’s wife, was in the throes of a third schizophrenic break-down which would require hospitalization, and both Fitzgeralds were heavily in debt 3. In addition, the United States was in the middle of the Great Depression, which exacerbated money-related problems for everyone. Matters never really improved for Fitzgerald after â€Å"Taps† came out. Around 1934 he began to write stories alm...

Life or Something Like It :: essays research papers

†2’, long brown hair, and big blue eyes. It’s hard to place exactly when and where it all happened. So let me just fill you in on how I got where I am today. I met her in the seventh grade for the first time through a mutual friend. From that moment on I had a big crush. We talked on occasion throughout eighth grade up until high school. We hung out a few times and then junior year rolled around and I was asked for a favor. It was my chance to finally get my foot in the door. She asked me to take her to her friend’s high school so that we could eat lunch with her. Of course being the nice guy I was and knowing exactly how I felt about this girl, I jumped on the chance. The day went well and I thought I was on my way. The phone call I got was to help move the same friend’s TV, so once again I took the chance to try to better my position. This time there were other guys there and I felt really out of place. But I did all I could to try and make this situation a little better than the last. We began to talk more and pass notes in the hallway. Then one say she walked into the nurse’s office at school, where I worked during 7th period, and it started once again. I swore to my best friend who worked in there with me, that she was way out of my league and that I had been trying all year to land this girl that I wanted since 7th grade. He told me just to give it a chance and to ask her out. And so risking all I had and acting completely out o f my comfort zone I did the impossible and asked her to dinner. We talked, ate, she told me how she had two dates that upcoming weekend which kind pushed me back, but as my friend suggested I worked at it and eventually started to hang out with her regularly. And then the night came where we kissed for the first time, May 28th, 2003. Finally I thought, I finally did it, but since we were a little light minded at the time I didn’t know what her intentions were.

Response to John Holt “School Is Bad for Children”

An example of earlier change: English Agriculture: 1500-1850 taken from: Agricultural Revolution in England the transformation of the agrarian economy 1500-1850 by Mark Overton Cambridge University Press, 1996 c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 1 Estimates of English Agricultural Output 1520–1850 18 16 Output – population method 250 Output – volume method – value of total ag. output (crops, meat, dairy) in ? million at 1850 prices 12 200 10 150 8 100 6 Output Index 1700=100 14 Population (millions) 300 Population – in millions (previous limit 5-6 mln people) 4 50 2 0 1851 1831 1801 1791 1781 1761 1751 1741 1701 1661 651 1601 1551 80% of pop. in agric. for own family 1520 0 20% of pop. in agric. for markets c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 2 Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England †¦ 1500-1850, 1996, p. 75& p. 8 A Rising Demand for Food 1520-1851 100 Agricultural population 90 % of total population 80 70 Rural non-agric’l population 60 50 40 Towns > 5000, excl London 30 20 10 London 0 1520 1600 1670 1700 1750 1801 1851 â€Å"†¦the impact of London on the demand for food was greater than these figures indicate because average consumption per head in London was at least double the national average. † c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 3Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England †¦ 1500-1850, 1996, p138 A Changing Social Structure England & Wales 1436-1973 % of ownership 120 Crown 100 Black Plague 80 1348, 1350s, 1370x Church Yeomen freeholders Dissolution 60 of Gentry Monasteries 40 1530 20 Civil War Great owners 1640s 0 1436 (Eng) c. 1690 range of estimates for 1690 c. 1790 1873 (Eng. ) â€Å"The pioneers of new methods in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries †¦ were not the great landowners but smaller farmers †¦ the most dramatic advances in output and land productivity came in those areas (such as Norfolk) where lordship was relatively weak. c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 4 Mark Overton, Agricultural Revol ution in England †¦ 1500-1850, 1996, p. 168 & 205 The Development of Markets < 1600 1601-1650 de cli ne of Local markets, in 800 market towns; strong reg. , no middlemen allowed 1701-1750 1751-1800 1801-1850 Middlemen indispensable gu lat io 1750: London Corn Exchange n between mkt towns 700 mi rivers 1660 900 mi rivers 1700 1838: 60 million letters sent 1790: end of domestic market reg. 15, 000 miles turnpikes en em l idd Trade 1663: reselling & storing allowed weak enforc’t of reg. Grain traded nationally & in N. Europe 1772 20,000 miles turnpikes rivate market’g by samples of 1690s? grain weekly grain prices published rivers linked m of se ri ma rke t re 1651-1700 1846: Corn Laws repealed 1830 c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 5 Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England †¦ 1500-1850, 1996, 137-47 passim Controlling the Use of Land by Enclosures post 1850 undated 1675-1749 1575-1674 1525-1574 1750-1849 100 90 1701-1750 1651-1700 1601-1650 1751-1800 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 1551-1600 County Durham 1551-1850 184,733 total acreage enclosed 0 % of enclosed acreage 1450-1524 pre 1450 South Midlands 1450-1850 2,850,866 total enclosed acreage 1801-1850 660: Modern Law of Mortgage â€Å"From the mid-eighteeth century the most usual way in which common rights were removed was through a specific act of parliament for the enclosure of a particular locality. †¦ Moreover the majority required for enclosure was calculated in terms of acres rather than landowners †¦ † â€Å"†¦ the major upsurge in agricultural output and productivity came after the mid-eighteenth century: this coincides with the major burst of parliamentary enclosure. † c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 6 Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England †¦ 1500-1850, 1996, p. 149-150 & p. 167 Value of Enclosures In short, the farmer on enclosed land, in Kalm’s words, ‘could in a thousand ways improve his property and earn money. ’ [because] â €Å"the return on investment made in that land by an individual would accrue to that individual and not to the community as a whole. † c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 7 Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England †¦ 1500-1850, 1996, p. 149-150 & p. 167 Development & Diffusion of Technology < 1600 1601-1650 1651-1700 1701-1750 1751-1800 1770s Jethro Tull seed drill imitated DIFFUSING 1801-1850 1851-1900 Norfolk system* spreads widely 1870 80% of wheat harvest’d with scythes 835 scythes 1790s R’m widespread plough made in 1830s ag. engin’g 1850s seed drill local widely used indus. dev’d foundaries LEARNING Upsurge in ag. writing 1767 Royal Lancashire Ag. Society 1770s 1st local farmers’ assoc. 1664 Royal Society studies ag. practices 1630 turnips* known as fodder crop 1803 23 local farmers’ assoc. 1838 Royal Ag. Society of Eng. 1850s wide range of farm’g journals: 17,000 readers 1855 700 local farmers’ assoc. 1731 Jethro Tull’s seed drill INTRODUCING 1500s designs for seed drills published 1845 Circencester Ag’l College 1650s clover* appears as fodder crop 1730 new R’m lough patented 1799 scythes introduced in S. Engl’d c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 8 Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England †¦ 1500-1850, 1996, 122-32, passim Changes in Farming Techniques Norfolk 1250-1854 100% % land in turnips 90% 80% % land in clover 70% 60% % land in legumes 50% 40% % land in grain 30% 20% Use of arable sown land, excluding fallow 2/3rd soil nitrogen lost by 1850 => need to manage soil nitrogen 10% 0% 1250-1349 1350-1449 1584-1640 1660-1739 1836 1854 â€Å"Partly because these integrated mixed-farming systems comprised so many mutally dependent components their evolution took time.Hence the long lag between the appearance in England of clover, turnips and the other components of the Norfolk four-course system and the perfection of the system itself, whose widespread diffusion must be dated to the first half of the nineteenth century. † c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 9 Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England †¦ 1500-1850, 1996, p120 & p. 16 Larger Farms, Fewer Farmers 1714-1833 percent of all estate acreage 100 The Example of the Leveson-Gower estates 1714-1833 Farm Size >200 acres 80 60 40 100-200 acres 20 20-100 acres 0-20 acres 0 1714-20 1759-79 1807-13 1829-33 c B.J. Heinzen 1998 p. 10 Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England †¦ 1500-1850, 1996, p174 The Sequence of Change 1500-1850 6. Spread of technical knowledge & use 5. New property rights secure benefits of investment 4. Regulations adapt to informal market realities 3. Development of informal markets to meet need 2. Fluidity in social structure; willingness to experiment 1. A rising demand/need c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 11 Time Lags in the Agricultural Revolution â€Å"Partly because these integrated mixed-farming systems comprised so many mutally dependent components t heir evolution took time.Hence the long lag between the appearance in England of clover, turnips and the other components of the Norfolk four-course system and the perfection of the system itself, whose widespread diffusion must be dated to the first half of the nineteenth century. † Mark Overton, 1996 Agricultural Revolution in England †¦ 1500-1850 c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 12 Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England †¦ 1500-1850, 1996, p120 detailed back-up slides follow c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 13 The Sequence of Change 1500-1850 6. Spread of technical knowledge & use 1770-1870 diffusion of agricultural techniques 5.New property rights secure benefits of investment 1750-1850 Parliamentary Enclosure Acts 4. Regulations adapt to informal market realities 1750 London Corn Exchange; 1790 Domestic mrkt reg. ended 3. Development of informal markets to meet need: 1601-1650 corn traded between market towns 2. Fluidity in social structure; willingness to experiment 16 40s Civil War 1. A rising demand/need 1520 demand rising c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 14 Changes in Norfolk Farming 1250-1854 Wheat Yields & Animals 70 Use of Arable Sown Land* 100% 90% 60 1250-1349 80% 1350-1449 60% 1660-1739 40 70% 1584-1640 50 50% 30 40% 1854 30% 0 20% 10 10% 0% 0 Livestock ratio** Draught beasts*+ Wheat Yields* **Livestock units/100 acres *+ Oxen & horses/100 sown acres *Bushels of wheat/ acres 12501349 13501449 15841640 % Land in turnips % Land in clover 16601739 1836 1854 % Land in legumes % Land in grain *Excluding fallow land c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 15 Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England †¦ 1500-1850, 1996, p120 English Land Use & Yields 1300-1850 1700 = 100 200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 1700 1800 1850 Arable Sown arable Meadow & pasture Total 250 200 Cereal yields 150 100 Wheat yields 50 0 1300 1600 1700 1750 1800 1850 B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 16 Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England †¦ 1500-1850, 1996, p. 86 Enclosing the Land 1450-1850 Enclosures in South Midlands 1450-1850 100 90 % of total enclosed acreage 80 70 Enclosures in County Durham 1551-1850 100 90 undated post 1850 80 70 1751-1800 1750-1849 60 60 1675-1749 1701-1750 50 50 1575-1674 40 1801-1850 1525-1574 40 1651-1700 30 30 1601-1650 1450-1524 20 pre 1450 20 1551-1600 10 10 0 0 (2,850,866 total enclosed acreage) (184,733 total acreage enclosed) c B. J. Heinzen 1998 p. 17 Mark Overton, Agricultural Revolution in England †¦ 1500-1850, 1996, p. 149-150